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Developing a conceptual framework for relief goods distribution during disasters: a multi-method qualitative studyThe мультики для 5 6 летoccurrence of natural disasters, combined with inadequate planning to mitigate their damages and consequences, can result in the loss of resources and achievements that have taken years to develop. Effective policymaking, the allocation of necessary resources, accurate forecasting, scenario planning, and the execution of pre-established actions are among the most critical components of disaster management []. One of the greatest challenges during natural disasters is the inability to rapidly and efficiently distribute relief goods to affected populations [, ]. These goods include food, drinking water, medicine, clothing, and temporary shelter []. In crisis situations, timely access to these essentials can mean the difference between life and death [, ]. The unpredictable nature of disasters, along with the extensive damage they cause, underscores the importance of efficient, equitable, and rapid distribution of relief goods. Effective logistical planning plays a key role in improving the quality of relief efforts and response time [, ].Developing an optimized distribution model for relief goods is a fundamental step in improving disaster response operations []. To enhance the distribution of relief goods, it is necessary to implement advanced disaster management systems and adopt a more comprehensive planning approach []. This includes utilizing modern technologies, improving communication and transportation infrastructure, and establishing extensive international collaboration networks [, ]. Additionally, public education and awareness programs play a vital role in increasing societal preparedness for disasters. A swift response to emergency needs in affected areas immediately after a crisis, along with the efficient procurement and distribution of relief goods, is a key aspect of disaster relief logistics. Developing a comprehensive framework for the distribution of relief goods can significantly improve emergency response efforts.Numerous efforts have been made globally to develop frameworks and models for the optimal distribution of relief goods. A review of the existing literature indicates that most of these models are multi-dimensional and quantitative in nature, primarily focusing on optimizing distribution routes, facility location, and pre-positioning of inventory [–]. These models often employ stochastic methods and multi-stage programming, demonstrating strong performance in quantitative optimization of distribution processes. However, they frequently overlook critical organizational, managerial, and human factors.In contrast, a limited number of qualitative conceptual frameworks; such as the Humanitarian Information Framework and multi-purpose vulnerability assessment models; have been introduced [, ]. These frameworks aim to identify key variables and the relationships among them in order to provide a conceptual structure for decision-making analysis. Nonetheless, a comprehensive approach that simultaneously addresses all relevant components; including various dimensions of distribution optimization; remains largely absent from these designs.Leveraging global experiences and existing models can provide a foundation for developing a contextually tailored framework for the efficient distribution of relief supplies. This study aims to develop a comprehensive, evidence-informed framework for crisis-related relief distribution in Iran. The proposed framework integrates insights from prior approaches and systematically incorporates key decision-making dimensions, including managerial, organizational, human, and logistical factors.This study was conducted in four phases, employing a literature review, a qualitative study (including expert panel discussions and semi-structured interviews), and ultimately, the Modified Delphi method to validate the proposed conceptual framework (Fig. ).The first phase comprised a comprehensive literature review to identify key components of effective relief goods distribution, identify associated challenges, and explore relevant innovations and recommendations.The databases PubMed, Scopus, and relevant websites of the International Red Cross were searched using related keywords up to 2025. The keywords included distribution, relief goods, crisis, disasters, challenges, поздравить женщину с днем рожденияпоздравительные слова с днем рожденияпоздравления за день рождения influencing factors, determinants, interventions, strategies, and innovations. Additionally, a manual search of specialized journals, reference lists of selected articles, organizational reports, and other available sources was conducted. Due to the diversity of studies, articles published in languages other than Persian and English were excluded. The study selection and screening process followed the PRISMA guidelines []. The extracted data were synthesized using a thematic analysis approach, identifying key themes to inform the development of the proposed distribution framework.A qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews to explore the characteristics and requirements of an optimal distribution framework for relief goods among disaster-affected individuals. The perspectives of key stakeholders and experts were examined to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the necessary components for effective distribution of relief goods during disasters.The study population comprised key stakeholders, including: 
Participants were required to meet at least one of the following criteria:
A purposive sampling method, commonly used in qualitative research, was employed to select participants who could provide the most relevant and in-depth information. A maximum variation sampling approach was applied to ensure diversity among participants in terms of educational background, years of experience, and gender. Sampling continued until data saturation was reached, meaning that no new themes or insights emerged from additional interviews.Data were collected through semi-structured virtual interviews. Prior to the interviews, participants received an interview guide outlining key questions, and interview schedules were arranged accordingly. With participants’ consent and strict confidentiality measures, the interviews were audio-recorded and supplemented with note-taking. Each interview lasted between 30 and 60 min. Immediately after each session, the recorded audio files were transcribed using Microsoft Word for further analysis.The data were analyzed using content analysis to identify and interpret key themes. The process involved data familiarization, coding, theme identification, and refinement to ensure coherence and accuracy. To enhance the reliability of the findings, coding was conducted independently by two researchers, and discrepancies were resolved through discussion and consensus.Based on the results of previous phases, the initial conceptual framework for relief goods distribution during disasters in Iran was developed in collaboration with the research team and subject matter experts, through an expert panel session. Two meetings involving six participants were conducted, each lasting around one and a half to two hours. Eligibility criteria for expert panel members included possession of a relevant academic degree (such as in crisis management and health in disaster and emergencies), a minimum of five years’ professional experience in disaster management, and holding an executive managerial position within the Red Crescent Society.In this phase, the Delphi method was used to assess the validity of the proposed framework. The aim of this method was to achieve a consensus on the initial framework through multiple rounds of questionnaires. A summary of the objectives, along with the initially developed framework, was compiled into a Delphi questionnaire and sent to experts and key stakeholders. The experts provided their feedback using a Likert scale with four options: very low, low, high, and very high. Items 1 and 2 indicated disagreement, while items 3 and 4 indicated agreement.To assess the validity of the framework, both content validity and modified kappa were used. According to Polit et al., [] the required values for calculating k* were proposed. A kappa value above 0.40 is considered acceptable, between 0.60 and 0.74 is considered good, and above 0.74 is considered excellent. These thresholds were used to evaluate the responses from the experts and assess the validity of the framework based on their opinions. The framework was evaluated across 10 key criteria, including: feasibility (implementation capacity), alignment of the proposed framework with higher-level documents, acceptance of the proposed framework by stakeholders, efficiency, flexibility (adaptability to various conditions), effectiveness, simplicity (ease of understanding), coherence and integration between framework dimensions, comprehensiveness, and the overall appropriateness of the framework. The key evaluation criteria, have been commonly used in previous research to assess the validity and applicability of conceptual frameworks [, ].The Relief Goods Distribution Conceptual Framework (RGDCF) was developed in four phases, integrating both global and local experiences. Initially, a literature review identified key challenges and related solutions in relief distribution. This was followed by stakeholder consultations, where national and local perspectives were gathered to refine context-specific recommendations. Based on these findings, a preliminary conceptual framework was developed, structured around four fundamental principles and 15 essential actions. Finally, the conceptual framework underwent validation through a modified Delphi study, in which experts assessed and refined its components to ensure its applicability and effectiveness.According to a review of 18 studies, challenges and solutions for improving the distribution of relief goods were extracted. The literature review identified challenges in the distribution of relief goods during crises, categorized into themes and sub-themes. The main challenges including lack of coordination among responsible authorities, needs assessment problems, damage to infrastructure, financial challenges and management of public donations, lack of local community participation, weakness in disaster preparedness, and shortage of trained personnel (Table ).Also, solutions, recommendations and intervention related to effective distribution efforts were identified. These solutions were structured under main themes such as employing integrated coordination mechanisms, using modern information technology, acting based on standardized guidelines, improving logistics and infrastructure, active participation of the local community, and using the Public–Private Partnerships (PPP) strategies (Table ).Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 experts and professionals with direct experience in disaster management and emergency response (Table ). The participants included experts in health in disasters and emergencies, experienced relief personnel, Red Crescent experts, and other relevant professionals. The selection of this diverse group aimed to capture multidimensional and practical perspectives on the challenges and solutions related to effective distribution of relief goods during disaster in Iran.The qualitative analysis of interview data revealed several key themes related to the optimization of relief goods distribution during disaster.Based on the qualitative data analysis and the findings from the literature review, the initial RGDCF was developed. This framework was developed based on four fundamental principles, including pre-disaster preparedness, unified command and integrated management, intersectoral coordination and collaboration, and community engagement and public participation. Additionally, 15 key operational requirements were identified to facilitate the implementation of this framework (Fig. ).To validate the proposed conceptual framework, a Modified Delphi questionnaire was utilized. Following the Delphi process and analysis of expert ratings (10 Subject matter expert), the process was concluded after the first round, as all 10 dimensions of the questionnaire achieved a score above 0.74 Consequently, the framework was finalized (Table ).The RGDCF introduced in this study integrates both global experiences and localized insights to address the challenges of relief distribution during disasters in Iran. The literature review highlighted challenges, including lack of coordination among responsible authorities, needs assessment problems, damage to infrastructure, financial challenges and management of public donations, lack of local community participation, weakness in disaster preparedness, and shortage of trained relief personnel. These findings were reinforced by qualitative data from expert interviews, which emphasized the necessity of preventive planning, sustainable funding, inter-agency coordination, standardized guidelines, community engagement, and continuous training of relief personnel. In response to these challenges, the RGDCF was developed based on four fundamental principles: pre-disaster preparedness, unified command and integrated management, intersectoral coordination and collaboration, and community engagement. Furthermore, 15 key operational requirements were proposed to enhance the effectiveness of relief distribution process. By incorporating these elements, the RGDCF provides a structured and adaptable approach to optimizing humanitarian response efforts, ensuring more efficient and equitable distribution of relief goods in disasters.A review of global evidence reveals the existence of various quantitative and qualitative models for the distribution of relief goods [, ]. Quantitative models, using multi-stage planning and genetic algorithms, aim to accurately determine distribution site locations, optimize delivery routes, and manage inventory efficiently [–]. On the other hand, qualitative models identify key variables and explain their interrelationships, offering a framework for analyzing and guiding sound managerial decisions [, ]. However, a key shortcoming across most quantitative models; and even some conceptual frameworks; is the lack of integration among unified management, inter-sectoral coordination, and community engagement. The conceptual framework proposed in this study addresses these gaps through four foundational principles and 15 actionable strategies. It lays the groundwork for future promotional and operational studies in this field.A critical challenge in the distribution of relief goods during disaster is the lack of adequate preparedness before a disaster occurs. In many cases, relief agencies and responsible organizations face resource shortages, weaknesses in logistical infrastructure, and administrative inefficiencies, all of which contribute to delays in delivering aid to those in need [, ]. The proposed framework underscores the importance of pre-disaster planning and capacity building as key factors in ensuring the effective distribution of relief supplies. Global experiences highlight that pre-crisis preparedness has a direct impact on the success of distribution processes. Preventive planning, community needs assessment, and the training of relief personnel are among the critical measures that can enhance distribution efficiency []. According to existing literature, having a structured inventory management plan and utilizing advanced stock control systems; such as inventory management software and barcode tracking; can reduce resource wastage and accelerate distribution [, ]. Additionally, the integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and queue optimization models can assist planners in identifying optimal distribution points and preventing congestion, thereby improving overall relief efforts [, ].The involvement of multiple organizations with overlapping responsibilities in disaster management often leads to coordination challenges and operational bottlenecks. To address this, the principle of unified command and integrated management within our proposed framework emphasizes the necessity of a central authority with clearly defined mandates for decision-making and coordination. Such a structure minimizes duplication of efforts, optimizes resource utilization, and accelerates the distribution of relief goods. Effective relief distribution requires a well-integrated management system that prevents inefficiencies and operational disruptions []. Collaboration among governmental agencies, NGOs, and the private sector plays a crucial role in enhancing the effectiveness of relief efforts [, ]. Establishing a clear mechanism for task division and creating a centralized command center can significantly improve the speed and accuracy of distribution efforts []. For example, organizations such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in the United States have demonstrated that pre-established agreements with the private sector, combined with continuous coordination among stakeholders, can enhance crisis response effectiveness []. One of the key tools for improving coordination is the development of real-time information-sharing systems among involved organizations. Leveraging digital technologies, such as online crisis management platforms and big data analytics, can facilitate synergy between agencies and prevent fragmented actions []. Global experiences highlight that close collaboration between the public and private sectors through Public-Private Partnership (PPP) strategies can provide additional financial and infrastructural resources for crisis relief distribution [, ].A key factor in the success of relief distribution during crises is the active participation of local communities. Traditional distribution models have primarily секс черных черными relied on direct intervention by governments and large organizations. However, research indicates that local populations and community groups have the most accurate understanding of their own needs and can significantly contribute to more effective distribution efforts [, ]. Moreover, ensuring that distribution processes prioritize vulnerable groups, particularly women and children, is of critical importance. Gender-sensitive analyses and assessments of vulnerability levels should be integrated into the early stages of planning to facilitate equitable and needs-based distribution []. Neglecting these considerations can result in disparities in aid accessibility, further exacerbating pre-existing inequalities in disaster-affected communities. Our proposed framework emphasizes the empowerment of local communities through education, network-building, and capacity development. Establishing local disaster management committees, mobilizing local volunteers for relief goods distribution, and implementing community feedback mechanisms can enhance transparency and fairness in the distribution process. By integrating community-driven approaches, relief efforts can become more responsive, efficient, and sustainable in the long term [].The proposed framework was validated through expert consensus using the modified Delphi method. Empirical validation; such as implementation, simulation, or retrospective case studies; was not within the scope of this study. It is recommended that future research empirically test the framework in real-world crisis scenarios to better assess its feasibility and effectiveness. To collect data, it is suggested that various Key Performance Assessment Indicators (KPAIs) for the distribution process of relief goods be developed in both quantitative and qualitative approach. These KPAIs can cover various performance dimensions including distribution efficiency, coverage, and timeliness, along with qualitative data obtained from the opinions of executive stakeholders including relief staff, decision-makers, and service recipients.Furthermore, given the qualitative nature of the study and the central role of expert opinions in developing the framework, there is a potential for contextual and subjective biases in its development. Incorporating the perspectives of a broader range of stakeholders from diverse regions and various types of crises could enhance the framework’s generalizability and applicability.The proposed conceptual framework for the distribution of relief goods during disasters in Iran is built upon four foundational principles including pre-disaster preparedness, unified command, inter-agency coordination, and community engagement. It is presented as a comprehensive and contextually adapted structure that can serve as a practical guide for policymakers, non-governmental organizations, and crisis managers to enhance distribution processes during emergencies.The RGDCF, with its underlying principles and operational requirements, can also serve as a basis for monitoring and assessing the applied interventions in response to crises. Aligning these components with the actual measures taken for the distribution of relief goods enables a systematic analysis of how well implemented programs adhere to desired standards. This, in turn, provides a foundation for identifying gaps, improving processes, and informing corrective decision-making at various managerial levels.Applying this framework in future crises can help uncover practical implementation challenges, providing valuable insights into its organizational and logistical feasibility. Such real-world application not only facilitates the refinement of its components and requirements but also strengthens stakeholder preparedness by identifying potential barriers to adoption.R R and S A-A: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Writing–original draft. N D and D J: Methodology, Writing–review & editing. T D and R R: editing, Supervision.The study is financially supported by the Research Ethics Committee of Education, Research and Technology Division of Iranian Red Crescent Society.No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.This study received ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Education, Research and Technology Division of Iranian Red Crescent Society (IR.RCS.REC.1402.027). Informed consent was obtained from all participants, with the interviewer. Participants were assured of data confidentiality and their right to voluntary participation. All procedures complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and the national ethical guidelines of the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education.The authors declare no competing interests. |
